Mechanical Performance of Turtle’s Shell
Biological composite shields
have been increasingly investigated in recent years. In turtle shell, there is
a unique arrangement of alternating rigid rib and flexible suture elements that
give rise to superior mechanical performance. The rigid structure of turtle
shell protect the internal organ from external damage while some degree of
flexibility allow the respiration and locomotion. The top dorsal of the turtle
shell (namely carapace) was reported in the scientific literature and it found
that carapace contains unique macroscopic configuration of complex alternating
strips of rigid boney ribs. The carapace is consists of both alternating rigid
(rib) and flexible (suture) elements in an arrangement of zigzag tips of rib
connects to the flexible suture sites. The image of turtle shell has been shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Ventral view (inside-out) of turtle shell. The red arrow mark the individual suture adjoining to rib |
Flexural
high stress cyclic loads were applied to both rib, suture, and complex
specimens obtained from the carapace. Static
bending test were tested for specimens cut from the carapace to measure the strength
for each specimen. The average strength for different part of the turtle shell
has been shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Average strength for different part of turtle
shell measured by quasi-static bending stress
Type of specimen
|
Strength (MPa)
|
Suture
|
51.3
|
Complex (Whole shell)
|
71.2
|
Rib
|
121.6
|
Based on the results, it showed that the rib is the strongest as compared to suture and the complex structure of turtle shell. The ribs demonstrate better fatigue resistance than sutures due to layered sandwich micro-structure (two perpendicular parallel-fibered sub-layers). However, the complex specimen made of a sequence of rib-suture-rib-suture-rib elements are able to withstand repeated loads due to its fast unlocking mechanism.
According to the CT scan, it showed a decreasing
mineral concentration from the shell toward the suture. The un-mineralized
suture integrate with the rib allow extra degree of flexibility underload. This
interdigitating nature of the structure of the sutures allows them to move
freely towards each other under small load. However, the shell becomes rigid
when adjoining dermal bones meets under critical deformation threshold. The
concept of the nature of the shell structure is depicted in Figure 2. The SEM images of the complex 3-dimensional structure of suture joining the rib of the turtle shell have been shown in Figure 3a, b, c.
Figure 2. Schematic depiction of unloaded and loaded deformed beam. The parameter D, W, and α are denote as pitch of the zigzag, gap of the suture, and maximal bending angle. |
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